Published: 2024 | Last updated: June 2026
Introduction
Hornady introduced the InterBond in 2003 as a direct response to a specific problem that hunters with fast, flat-shooting cartridges were experiencing: conventional soft-points and even polymer-tipped designs like the Hornady SST could expand too aggressively or shed their cores at the high impact velocities generated by modern magnum cartridges at close range. The solution was bonding – fusing the lead core to the copper jacket so that the two could not separate regardless of impact velocity or the hardness of the obstacle the bullet hit.
The InterBond uses a two-part retention system that distinguishes it from simpler bonded designs. The first part is a chemical bonding process that fuses the lead core to the jacket interior during manufacture. The second is the InterLock ring – a mechanical band pressed into the interior of the jacket that the softened lead flows around during the bonding process, creating a physical interlock in addition to the chemical bond. The result is dual-mechanism core retention that Hornady rates at 90% or better weight retention under normal hunting conditions, including high-velocity impact on heavy bone.
The red polymer tip is the InterBond’s most visible identifier. It improves the ballistic coefficient by creating a consistent, sharp meplat profile on every bullet in the box – eliminating the BC variation inherent in exposed lead soft-point noses – and it initiates expansion by being driven rearward into the hollow-point cavity on impact. The expansion threshold of 1,700 fps is notably lower than the 1,800 fps common to most conventional soft-points and many other bonded designs, which extends the effective hunting range at which reliable expansion can be guaranteed.
The InterBond covers .243-inch to .338-inch diameter, supporting cartridges from 243 Winchester through 338 Winchester Magnum. Weights run 90 to 200 grains. This range is focused on the mainstream big game cartridges where the InterBond’s bonded construction provides the most meaningful advantage over conventional designs – magnum velocities, heavy-boned game, shots that cannot guarantee a perfect broadside presentation.
One market context worth noting: the Hornady ELD-X (Extremely Low Drag – eXpanding), introduced in 2016, now occupies significant shelf space that the InterBond once held. The ELD-X uses a heat-resistant polymer tip, higher BCs at most weights, and engineered expansion across a wider velocity range. Both bullets remain in production, but the ELD-X has become Hornady’s primary recommendation for long-range hunting applications. The InterBond’s bonded dual-mechanism retention remains its distinguishing feature for situations where the ELD-X’s more conventional construction might be less appropriate – particularly very close range at extreme velocity where core separation is the primary risk.
Technical Characteristics
The InterBond’s dual core-retention system is worth understanding in detail because it explains both the bullet’s strengths and its position relative to simpler bonded designs.
The chemical bonding process fuses lead to copper at a molecular level during manufacturing. When the core softens during processing, it flows into intimate contact with the jacket interior, and the two metals bond as they cool. This is the same fundamental approach used in the Federal Trophy Bonded and Federal Fusion. On its own, chemical bonding provides 90%+ weight retention under most conditions.
The InterLock ring adds a second retention mechanism. This is a circumferential ridge pressed into the jacket interior before the bonding process – the same concept Hornady uses in the non-bonded Hornady InterLock design, where it is the only core-retention feature. In the InterBond, the lead core flows around this ring during bonding, creating a mechanical interlock that supplements the chemical bond. Under extreme impact conditions – the scenarios where chemical bonding alone might be stressed – the InterLock ring provides an additional resistance to core-jacket separation.
The practical result is that the InterBond is among the most retention-reliable bonded hunting bullets available. Field-recovered bullets consistently show 90 to 95% weight retention with mushrooms that retain their shape rather than fragmenting, even after passing through shoulder bone at 300 Winchester Magnum impact velocities.
The red polymer tip seats in a hollow-point cavity and initiates expansion by acting as a punch on impact. The hollow point forces the jacket to peel back from the inside, producing the controlled mushroom that is the InterBond’s design target. Expansion is 1.5x to 2x original diameter – enough for reliable energy transfer without the explosive fragmentation that makes some polymer-tipped designs problematic on large, heavy game.
The boat-tail base reduces base drag at distance and contributes to the InterBond’s competitive G1 BCs of 0.365 to 0.547. Combined with the polymer tip’s consistent meplat, the InterBond achieves aerodynamic performance comparable to the Federal Trophy Bonded (0.430-0.520) and better than the Nosler Partition (0.300-0.500) at equivalent weights.
The 1,700 fps expansion threshold is a genuine design advantage. Most conventional soft-points and many bonded designs require 1,800 fps for reliable expansion. The 100 fps difference may seem small, but it translates to approximately 30 to 50 additional yards of reliable expansion range at the far end of a hunting shot, depending on the specific cartridge and load. For hunters who regularly shoot at the outer edge of their ethical range limit, that margin is meaningful.
The cannelure is standard across InterBond weights. Neck tension during reloading should be maintained at 0.002 to 0.004 inches of interference fit. The bonded construction means the bearing surface is slightly harder than a conventional lead-core soft-point, which can produce marginally different neck tension characteristics – verify with a bullet-pull gauge when loading a new lot.
Disclaimer: Reloading is an inherently dangerous activity. Always consult current published load data from reputable sources (Hornady, Hodgdon, Sierra, Lyman) before loading any cartridge. Start at minimum charges and work up carefully while watching for pressure signs. Never exceed maximum published loads. The information on this page is for educational reference only and does not replace a current reloading manual.
Ballistics and Performance
G1 BCs from 0.365 to 0.547 place the InterBond firmly in the performance tier of bonded hunting bullets, above the Nosler Partition and broadly comparable to the Federal Trophy Bonded and Swift Scirocco II.
The 200-grain .338-inch InterBond at BC 0.547 is the highest-BC variant in the lineup and one of the more capable long-range options available in .338-inch diameter from a bonded bullet. From a 338 Winchester Magnum at 2,700 fps, this bullet retains approximately 2,040 fps at 500 yards – above the 1,700 fps expansion threshold – and arrives with over 1,845 ft-lbs of energy. That is adequate for elk at 500 yards with correct shot placement, though whether that distance is an ethical hunting shot in field conditions is a separate question that depends on the shooter’s skill and the specific circumstances.
The 129-grain .264-inch InterBond at BC 0.485 and SD 0.264 is a strong choice for 6.5 Creedmoor, 6.5 PRC, 260 Remington, and 6.5×55 Swedish Mauser hunters who want bonded construction with good aerodynamic performance. BC 0.485 is slightly behind the Sierra Tipped GameKing 140-grain at BC 0.535, but the InterBond’s bonded dual-retention system provides better core retention on heavy game than the non-bonded TGK – a meaningful tradeoff when elk or black bear is the target.
The 130-grain .277-inch at BC 0.435 is notable for 270 Winchester hunters. BC 0.435 significantly outperforms the Sierra GameKing 130-grain .277-inch at BC 0.373 and the Remington Core-Lokt 130-grain .277-inch at BC 0.242, while providing bonded core retention that neither of those bullets can match. For a 270 Winchester hunter who shoots mixed deer and elk, the InterBond 130-grain is a well-rounded single load.
Accuracy runs 0.5 to 0.8 MOA in well-tuned bolt-action rifles – among the better accuracy figures available for a premium hunting bullet, and meaningfully tighter than the 0.8 to 1.5 MOA typical of conventional soft-points at this tier.
Expert Ballistics Table – Hornady InterBond Variants
Data from Hornady specifications. BCs are G1 values. Verify current figures on Hornady’s website before load development.
| Diameter (inches) | Weight (grains) | BC (G1) | Sectional Density | Application |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| .243 | 100 | 0.405 | 0.242 | Deer, antelope in 243 Winchester |
| .264 | 129 | 0.485 | 0.264 | Deer, elk in 6.5 Creedmoor and 6.5 PRC |
| .277 | 130 | 0.435 | 0.242 | Deer, elk in 270 Winchester and 270 WSM |
| .284 | 140 | 0.460 | 0.248 | Deer, elk in 7mm Remington Magnum and 7mm PRC |
| .308 | 150 | 0.415 | 0.226 | Deer in 308 Winchester |
| .308 | 165 | 0.475 | 0.248 | Deer, elk in 308 Winchester and 30-06 Springfield |
| .308 | 180 | 0.480 | 0.271 | Elk, moose in 300 Winchester Magnum and 30-06 Springfield |
| .338 | 200 | 0.547 | 0.250 | Elk, moose in 338 Winchester Magnum |
The 100-grain .243-inch at BC 0.405 is the lightest InterBond and a capable long-range deer and antelope bullet from 243 Winchester or 6mm Creedmoor. BC 0.405 is significantly stronger than the Sierra GameKing 100-grain .243-inch at BC 0.361 and the Federal Fusion 100-grain .243-inch at BC 0.276, making the InterBond the more aerodynamically capable bonded option in this caliber despite the higher price.
Comparison Bullets
The InterBond competes directly with other bonded polymer-tipped boat-tail hunting bullets at the premium price tier. The comparisons here are more nuanced than budget soft-point comparisons because the bullets in this category are genuinely close to each other in capability.
The Federal Trophy Bonded uses Federal’s electrochemical bonding process without a supplementary mechanical interlock. The Trophy Bonded’s expansion threshold is 1,600 fps versus the InterBond’s 1,700 fps – a 100 fps advantage for the Trophy Bonded at extreme range or with slower cartridges. BC figures between the two designs are broadly comparable at equivalent weights, and field terminal performance is widely regarded as essentially identical on deer and elk. The Trophy Bonded’s grooved shank reduces barrel fouling by approximately 15-20%, which is a practical advantage the InterBond does not offer. Both are excellent bonded bullets and the choice between them frequently comes down to which one produces better accuracy in a specific rifle.
The Nosler AccuBond is the other primary bonded polymer-tipped competitor. AccuBond uses a proprietary bonding process without a mechanical interlock, targets 90%+ weight retention, and is available in a wider range of calibers and weights than the InterBond – from .224-inch to .375-inch. BCs are competitive with the InterBond at most comparable weights, and the AccuBond has a strong field reputation on elk and moose. For hunters who need calibers outside the InterBond’s .243-.338 range, the AccuBond is the more versatile choice.
The Swift Scirocco II is a polymer-tipped bonded design with BCs of approximately 0.400 to 0.550, using a proprietary bonding process and a boat-tail base. Swift claims 98%+ weight retention – notably higher than the InterBond’s 90%+ – though real-world recovered bullet data comparing the two designs is limited enough that this figure is difficult to independently verify. The Scirocco II is less widely available than the InterBond and commands a premium price. For hunters who can find it and want to compare it, the Scirocco II is a genuine alternative that is worth testing for accuracy in your specific rifle.
The Hornady ELD-X is the most direct in-house comparison and the bullet that has largely replaced the InterBond in Hornady’s current marketing emphasis for long-range hunting. The ELD-X uses a heat-resistant AMP (Advanced Manufacturing Process) jacket – a mechanically formed jacket profile that Hornady claims produces more consistent expansion initiation than a standard chemically bonded jacket – and a heat-resistant polymer tip that resists deformation at the high temperatures generated during bullet flight. BCs for the ELD-X are higher than the InterBond at most comparable weights, and the ELD-X is designed specifically for reliable expansion across the full velocity range from close-range magnum impacts through long-range minimum-velocity arrivals. The key difference: the ELD-X does not use chemical bonding or a mechanical InterLock, which means weight retention under extreme stress conditions – the bull elk shoulder shot at 60 yards from a 300 Winchester Magnum – may be lower than the InterBond under those specific conditions. For most hunting scenarios that do not involve that extreme end of the velocity and impact spectrum, the ELD-X is the stronger aerodynamic choice. For hunters prioritizing maximum core retention over maximum BC, the InterBond remains the more appropriate Hornady option.
The Nosler Partition uses a mechanical partition wall rather than bonding to achieve core retention, with a dual-section design where the rear core cannot escape even if the front section fragments. BCs (0.300-0.500) are lower than the InterBond at comparable weights, but the Partition’s dual-mode terminal performance – explosive front section expansion plus solid rear section penetration – is reliable across an extremely wide range of impact conditions and velocities. The Partition has been in production since 1948 and has an unmatched field record on all sizes of North American and African game. For hunters who want maximum terminal reliability across the widest possible range of conditions, including very close range at extreme velocity, the Partition remains a strong argument.
Comparison Table – Premium Bonded and High-Performance Hunting Bullets
| Bullet | Diameter Range | Weight Range | BC Range | Core Retention | Expansion Threshold | Relative Cost |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hornady InterBond | .243-.338 | 90-200 gr | 0.365-0.547 | 90%+ (chemical + InterLock) | 1,700 fps | Premium |
| Hornady ELD-X | .224-.338 | 85-285 gr | 0.390-0.620 | Standard (AMP jacket) | 1,600 fps | Premium |
| Federal Trophy Bonded | .277-.338 | 130-200 gr | 0.430-0.520 | 95%+ (electrochemical) | 1,600 fps | Premium |
| Nosler AccuBond | .224-.375 | 55-300 gr | 0.310-0.620 | 90%+ (chemical bond) | 1,800 fps | Premium |
| Swift Scirocco II | .224-.338 | 90-180 gr | 0.400-0.550 | 98%+ (chemical bond) | 1,800 fps | Premium |
| Nosler Partition | .224-.375 | 60-300 gr | 0.300-0.500 | Partition wall | 1,600 fps | Premium |
Applications and Practical Aspects
The InterBond is a purpose-built big game bullet. It is not suited to varmints, and it is more bullet than deer inside 100 yards requires. Its value is most apparent in the scenarios where bonded construction genuinely matters: shots at elk, moose, or large bear where impact angle cannot be controlled, high-velocity impacts from magnum cartridges at close range, and hunting at extended ranges where maintaining velocity above the expansion threshold is the primary ballistic concern.
Deer, antelope (.243-inch, 100 grains): The 100-grain InterBond at BC 0.405 is a capable long-range deer and antelope bullet for 243 Winchester and 6mm Creedmoor hunters who want bonded construction. At SD 0.242, penetration on deer is adequate from any angle at normal hunting velocities. For strictly deer hunting inside 300 yards, a non-bonded design like the Sierra Tipped GameKing delivers equivalent field results at lower cost. The InterBond earns its premium here when deer hunting overlaps with elk or bear in a mixed-species season and standardizing on one bonded load is the goal. Hodgdon Varget, Hodgdon H4350, and Alliant Reloder 16 work well with 100-grain loads in 243 Winchester.
Deer, elk (6.5mm, 129 grains): The 129-grain InterBond in 6.5 Creedmoor, 6.5 PRC, 260 Remington, or 6.5×55 Swedish Mauser is one of the strongest combinations in the InterBond lineup. SD 0.264 at 129 grains provides genuine elk-level penetration from a mild-recoiling cartridge. BC 0.485 keeps the bullet competitive at 400 yards with most high-BC hunting bullets. Hodgdon H4350 and Alliant Reloder 16 are the most commonly cited powders for this combination in 6.5 Creedmoor. For 6.5 PRC with its larger case capacity, Alliant Reloder 23 and Hodgdon H4831SC extend the velocity potential.
Deer, elk (.277-inch, 130 grains): The 130-grain InterBond in 270 Winchester or 270 WSM is a versatile big game load. BC 0.435 is strong for a 130-grain .277-inch bullet and delivers genuinely competitive trajectories at 300 to 400 yards compared to heavier bullets from the same cartridge. SD 0.242 is adequate for deer and provides sufficient penetration on broadside elk. For quartering-toward elk shots where penetrating through heavy shoulder mass is required, the 130-grain may not have the sectional density of the heavier 7mm options – hunters targeting large bull elk regularly are better served by the 140-grain .284-inch or the 165-grain .308-inch. Hodgdon H4350, IMR 4350, and Alliant Reloder 19 are standard powder choices for 130-grain 270 Winchester loads.
Deer, elk (7mm, 140 grains): The 140-grain .284-inch InterBond in 7mm Remington Magnum, 7mm PRC, 7mm WSM, or 7mm-08 Remington is a well-rounded elk and large deer combination. BC 0.460 and SD 0.248 balance aerodynamics with penetration in a way that handles most hunting scenarios well. From a 7mm Remington Magnum at 3,000 fps, the bonded construction handles the velocity on close-range shoulder hits without core separation. Alliant Reloder 22, Hodgdon H4831SC, and IMR 7828 are standard powder choices for magnum 7mm applications at this weight.
Deer, elk (.308-inch, 150-180 grains): All three .308-inch weights cover 308 Winchester, 30-06 Springfield, 300 Winchester Magnum, and 300 WSM. The 150-grain at BC 0.415 is the lightest and fastest, best suited to deer with adequate terminal performance on lighter elk. The 165-grain at BC 0.475 and SD 0.248 is the most versatile weight – adequate for deer and elk across the full range of these cartridges. The 180-grain at BC 0.480 and SD 0.271 provides the strongest penetration and is the correct choice for moose, large bull elk, or any situation where deep penetration through heavy bone is the priority. For 308 Winchester with the 165-grain, Hodgdon Varget, IMR 4064, and Alliant Reloder 15 are well-documented choices. For 300 Winchester Magnum with the 180-grain, Hodgdon H4831SC, Alliant Reloder 22, and Alliant Reloder 26 are appropriate.
Elk, moose (.338-inch, 200 grains): The 200-grain .338-inch InterBond at BC 0.547 and SD 0.250 in 338 Winchester Magnum is a strong elk and moose load with the aerodynamic performance to remain effective past 400 yards. The bonded core and InterLock ring handle 338 Winchester Magnum impact velocities on moose shoulder bone without the core separation that would compromise penetration depth. Slow powders like Hodgdon H4831SC, Alliant Reloder 22, Alliant Reloder 25, and Hodgdon Retumbo are appropriate for 200-grain loads in 338 Winchester Magnum.
Reloading
The InterBond loads similarly to other bonded polymer-tipped hunting bullets. Hornady publishes InterBond-specific data in their reloading manual and on their website, which makes load development more straightforward than with some competing bonded bullets where the manufacturer does not provide component data.
Primers: Standard large rifle primers cover most InterBond applications. CCI 200, Federal 210, Winchester WLR, and Remington 9-1/2 are reliable choices for 30-caliber and larger cartridges. For smaller-cased cartridges like 243 Winchester and 6.5 Creedmoor with standard large rifle primer pockets, the same options apply. For magnum cartridges – 300 Winchester Magnum, 338 Winchester Magnum, 7mm Remington Magnum – use magnum primers CCI 250, Federal 215, or Remington 9-1/2M for consistent ignition of slow powders in large cases.
Cases: Lapua, Federal, and Winchester brass are all appropriate. For the 6.5mm and 7mm applications, Lapua and Hornady brass both offer good consistency. For magnum applications, Federal and Winchester are widely used without issue. Full-length resize hunting loads for reliable field chambering, and anneal cases periodically if case life is a concern with high-pressure magnum loads.
Seating Depth: Start at 0.020 to 0.040 inches off the lands and test your rifle’s accuracy response across 0.010-inch increments. Bonded bullets with longer bearing surfaces sometimes prefer slightly more jump than conventional soft-points – 0.030 to 0.050 inches is worth testing if initial accuracy is disappointing. The polymer tip on the InterBond should not contact a standard seating plug directly – ensure your seating die has adequate nose clearance to avoid deforming the tip during seating. Most Hornady seating dies include a tip-protection plug designed for this purpose.
Crimp: The cannelure on most InterBond variants allows a light roll crimp for semi-automatic platforms or heavy-recoiling magnums where bullet setback is a concern. For bolt-action hunting rifles, proper neck tension without a crimp is sufficient.
Barrel Twist: Standard twist rates apply. The 129-grain .264-inch requires 1:8 to stabilize reliably – this matches the standard twist of 6.5 Creedmoor factory barrels. For 6.5×55 Swedish Mauser rifles with older 1:10 twist barrels, the 129-grain InterBond may not stabilize fully – verify stability before committing to a hunting load.
Powder Selection by Application:
| Application | Caliber | Bullet Weight | Recommended Powders |
|---|---|---|---|
| Deer/antelope | 243 Win | 100 gr | Hodgdon Varget, Hodgdon H4350, Alliant Reloder 16 |
| Deer/elk | 6.5 Creedmoor | 129 gr | Hodgdon H4350, Alliant Reloder 16, Alliant Reloder 23 |
| Deer/elk | 270 Win | 130 gr | Hodgdon H4350, IMR 4350, Alliant Reloder 19 |
| Elk/deer | 7mm Rem Mag | 140 gr | Alliant Reloder 22, Hodgdon H4831SC, IMR 7828 |
| Deer/elk | 308 Win | 150-165 gr | Hodgdon Varget, IMR 4064, Alliant Reloder 15 |
| Elk/moose | 30-06 Sprg | 180 gr | Hodgdon H4350, IMR 4350, Alliant Reloder 19 |
| Elk/moose | 300 Win Mag | 165-180 gr | Hodgdon H4831SC, Alliant Reloder 22, Alliant Reloder 26 |
| Elk/moose | 338 Win Mag | 200 gr | Hodgdon H4831SC, Alliant Reloder 25, Hodgdon Retumbo |
Reloading Parameters Summary:
| Parameter | Guideline |
|---|---|
| Neck tension | 0.002-0.004 inch interference |
| Seating depth | 0.020-0.040 inch off lands; test to 0.050 if needed |
| Crimp | Light roll crimp at cannelure for magnums; optional for standard cartridges |
| Starting charge | 5% below published minimum for equivalent bonded bullet weight |
| Minimum expansion velocity | 1,700 fps at target distance |
| Extreme spread target | Under 15 fps for hunting accuracy |
| Seating die | Confirm tip clearance – use Hornady seating plug with tip protection |
Load data note: Hornady publishes InterBond-specific data in their reloading manual and at hornady.com – use this data as your primary source. Where InterBond-specific data is not available for an unusual cartridge, use Hornady manual data for comparable bonded bullets of the same weight as a starting reference and begin 5% below the published minimum. Never exceed published maximum charges. Monitor pressure signs at every increment.
Conclusion
The Hornady InterBond is a thoroughly engineered bonded hunting bullet with a dual core-retention system that sets it apart from designs relying on chemical bonding alone. The combination of chemical bonding and the mechanical InterLock ring produces consistent 90%+ weight retention under high-velocity impact on heavy bone – the performance standard that justifies the premium price for hunters pursuing elk, moose, and large bear in conditions where shot angle cannot be controlled.
The 1,700 fps expansion threshold is a genuine field advantage over most competing designs. BCs of 0.365 to 0.547 are competitive within the premium bonded bullet tier. Accuracy of 0.5 to 0.8 MOA puts the InterBond at the better end of hunting bullet performance.
Choose the InterBond if: you hunt elk, moose, or large bear with magnum cartridges like 300 Winchester Magnum, 338 Winchester Magnum, or 7mm Remington Magnum where impact velocity at close range could stress a conventional bullet’s core-jacket interface; you want dual-mechanism core retention rather than bonding alone; or you want Hornady-published load data for a bonded bullet rather than relying on approximations from comparable designs.
Choose something else if: you are primarily a deer hunter inside 300 yards where bonded construction provides minimal practical advantage over a well-designed conventional soft-point like the Sierra Tipped GameKing or Hornady SST at lower cost. If you need the highest possible BC from a Hornady hunting bullet, the Hornady ELD-X outperforms the InterBond aerodynamically at most comparable weights. If you need the widest caliber selection in a bonded design, Nosler AccuBond or Nosler Partition cover more ground. If you are hunting in a lead-free zone, you need a monolithic like the Barnes TSX or Barnes TTSX.
For the application it was designed for – reliable big game performance at distance and at close-range magnum velocity – the InterBond delivers on its construction premium.
Disclaimer: Reloading involves inherent risks. Always use current load data from published manuals. Start below maximum charges and increase gradually. Wear eye protection at all times. The author and myreloading.com are not responsible for injuries or property damage resulting from reloading or shooting handloaded ammunition. For older 6.5×55 Swedish Mauser rifles with 1:10 twist barrels, verify stabilization of the 129-grain InterBond before committing to a hunting load.
Have you hunted with the Hornady InterBond? Leave a comment with the specifics: weight, cartridge, game, range, and shot angle. Did you recover the bullet and if so what did the mushroom look like? Have you compared the InterBond directly against the ELD-X or SST in the same rifle or on the same type of game? Did the dual core-retention system make a visible difference on a difficult shot? Specific comparisons between the InterBond and other Hornady designs from hunters who have used both are particularly valuable.
Editorial note: Originally published 2024, revised June 2026. The update expanded the introduction with the 2003 market context and Hornady’s rationale for the dual-retention design, added detailed explanation of the chemical bonding plus InterLock ring combination and how it differs from simpler bonded designs, addressed the InterBond’s relationship to the ELD-X and why both remain in production, added the 6.5×55 Swedish Mauser 1:10 twist stabilization warning for the 129-grain variant, expanded the comparison section to include the Hornady ELD-X and Swift Scirocco II alongside the original comparisons, added a full powder selection table by cartridge and application, and applied full internal linking throughout.
